Mycelial growth

Boscalid is a broad-spectrum carboxamide fungicide that inhibits fungal respiration by binding to the ubiquinone site of mitochondrial complex II succinate dehydrogenase.1It suppresses mycelial growth ofS. minorby 87 to 100% and ofS. sclerotiorumby 77 to 100% when used at a concentration of 1 μg ml.2In field studies, boscalid applied at 5.6 μg cm2provides 55.5 and 30.4% disease control for lettuce drop caused byS. minorandS. sclerotiorum, respectively. It decreases cell viability of mouse primary cortical neurons following long-term exposure but is not cytotoxic (LC50= >100 μM for acute and continuous exposure). Formulations containing boscalid have been used in agriculture to prevent fungal growth on crops. 1.Wang, Y., Duan, Y., Wang, J., et al.A new point mutation in the iron-sulfur subunit of succinate dehydrogenase confers resistance to boscalid in Sclerotinia sclerotiorumMol. Plant Pathol.16(7)653-661(2015) 2.Matheron, M.E., and Porchas, M.Activity of boscalid, fenhexamid, fluazinam, fludioxonil, and vinclozolin on growth of Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum and development of lettuce dropPlant Dis.88(6)665-668(2004)

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid potassium salt (1-NAA Potassium Salt) is used as a plant Growth Regulator that affects conidial germination, sporulation, mycelial growth, cell surface morphology, and the viability of certain fungal plant pathogens.

Fluazinam is a pyridinamine fungicide with a broad spectrum of antifungal activity and had a strong inhibition effect on mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum populations.

Pyrimorph is a fungicide with high activity against the plant pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Pyrimorph inhibited different stages in the life cycle of P. capsici including mycelial growth, sporangium production, zoospore release, and cystospore germination with EC(50) values of 1.84, 0.17, 4.92, and 0.09 microg mL(-1), respectively.

Xyloidone (NSC-106453) exhibits antifungal activity and completely inhibits the mycelial growth of B. cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Simmonds, M. grisea, and Pythium ultimum Trow over a range of 0.4-33.3 mg L.

Antifungalagent 118 (compound C22) inhibits the mycelial growth of V. mali by inducing oxidative damage and compromises the integrity of the cell membrane.

Dibenzylideneacetone (DBA) is an antifungal agent that exhibits inhibitory activity against Botrytis cinerea Chitinase with an IC50 of 13.10 µg mL. It has a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against B. cinerea of 32 µg mL. The EC50 values for inhibiting mycelial growth and spore germination are 16.29 µg mL and 14.64 µg mL, respectively. Dibenzylideneacetone effectively combats grey mold infection in cherry tomatoes by inhibiting chitinase activity.

Laccase-IN-5 (Compound 2b) is an inhibitor of laccase with an IC50 of 0.82 μM. It enhances cell membrane permeability, restricts mycelial growth, disrupts cell walls, and induces oxidative stress responses. Laccase-IN-5 exhibits antifungal activity against various plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes, effectively inhibiting B. dothidea with an EC50 of 0.96 mg L.

7-oxo Staurosporine is an antibiotic originally isolated from S. platensis with diverse biological activites. It inhibits PKC, PKA, phosphorylase kinase, EGFR, and c-Src in vitro (IC50s = 9, 26, 5, 200, and 800 nM, respectively). 7-oxo Staurosporine induces cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase in human leukemia K562 cells with a minimal effective dose (MED) of 30 ng/ml. It is cytotoxic to P388 mouse leukemia cells that are resistant and susceptible to doxorubicin . 7-oxo Staurosporine inhibits growth of the mycelial, but not yeast form of C. albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, and C. lusitaniae (MICs = 3.1-25 μg/ml). It increases sphingomyelin synthesis in CHO-K1 cells when used at a concentration of 50 nM.

Fosetyl-aluminum is a systemic fungicide effective in controlling various Phycomycete diseases, particularly downy mildews, Phytophthora, and Pythium spp. It inhibits spore germination and mycelial growth, providing comprehensive protection to plants。

IKD-8344 is a macrocyclic dilactone originally isolated from an actinomycete species with diverse biological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, and anthelmintic properties [1,2,3]. It is cytotoxic to L5178Y murine leukemia cells (IC50 = 0.54 ng ml) [1], inhibits growth of the mycelial form of C. albicans (MIC = 6.25 μg ml), and potentiates the activity of polymyxin B against the multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacterium B. cenocepacia [2,3]. Additionally, it is active against T. spiralis in vitro and in vivo [1].

Benzovindiflupyr is a fungicide.1It inhibits mitochondrial complex II, also known as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH; IC50= 5.2 nM), and mycelial growth ofS. sclerotiorum(EC50= 0.011 μg/ml). Benzovindiflupyr (60 μg/ml) completely protects eggplant leaves fromS. sclerotioruminfection. Formulations containing benzovindiflupyr have been used to control various fungal diseases in agriculture. 1.Gao, Y., He, L., Zhu, J., et al.The relationship between features enabling SDHI fungicide binding to the Sc-Sdh complex and its inhibitory activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorumPest Manag. Sci.76(8)2799-2808(2020)

1. Kakuol has antifungal activity, it can completely inhibit the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr and Cladosporium cucumerinum Ellis & Arthur at 5 microg ml(-1) and 3 microg ml(-1), respectively. 2. kakuol and a derivative analogue are able

Triclopyricarb (SYP-7017), a strobilurin fungicide, is effective in controlling crop diseases by inhibiting mycelial growth, exhibiting EC 50 values ranging from 0.006 μg mL to 0.047 μg mL.

Dimethomorph is a morpholine fungicide belonging to the fungicide group of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors that inhibits fungal cell wall formation. Dimethomorph inhibits mycelial growth of the oomycete fungi, P. citrophthora, P. parasitica, P. capsici, and P. infestans ( EC 50 s=0.1, 0.38, <0.1, and 0.16-0.3 μg mL, respectively), but is less active against the green algae species C. vulgaris or S. obliquus in vitro (EC 50 s=47.46 and 44.87 μg mL, respectively). Dimethomorph inhibits androgen receptor (AR) activity in a reporter assay in MDA-kb2 human breast cancer cells but not in a yeast antiandrogen screen ( IC 20 s=0.263 and 38.5 μM, respectively).

BI-10 is an antifungal compound that, in combination with fluconazole, inhibits mycelial growth, accumulates ROS, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and alters membrane permeability.

Pyraziflumid is a fungicide. Pyraziflumid is a novel member of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides (SDHI). The average EC50 value was 0.0561 (±0.0263)μg ml for mycelial growth. There was no cross-resistance between pyraziflumid and the widely used fungicides carbendazim, dimethachlon and the phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil.

Antifungalagent 106 (Compound Z31) is a benzoic acid derivative and a potential fungicide targeting Monilinia fructicola. It exhibits antifungal activity with an EC50 of 11.8 mg L. The mechanism of action involves the disruption of cell membrane integrity, resulting in increased membrane permeability and the release of intracellular electrolytes, which impairs normal mycelial growth. Antifungalagent 106 is also applicable in research related to brown rot in stone fruits.